Yield factor (also called edible portion yield or EP yield) is the percentage of an as-purchased (AP) ingredient that becomes edible portion (EP) after trim, cooking loss, and waste.
Formula: Yield % = (Edible Portion Weight ÷ As-Purchased Weight) × 100
The industry-standard ranges
Typical full-service restaurant yield losses:
- Most proteins: 5–10% trim loss. A 10-lb whole tenderloin yields 9–9.5 lb of plated protein after trim. Beef and pork are at the lower end of the loss range; chicken and seafood with bones run higher (15–25% on bone-in chicken, 30–40% on whole fish).
- Most produce: 10–20% trim loss. A 5-lb case of romaine yields ~4–4.5 lb usable hearts after the outer leaves and cores are stripped. High-trim items like artichokes or fennel can run 30–50% loss.
- Cooking loss on roasted/braised proteins: an additional 15–30% of the trimmed weight from moisture loss during cook.
Important: trim loss and cooking loss apply sequentially, not simultaneously. Calculate trim yield first (AP → trimmed weight), then apply cooking loss to the trimmed weight (trimmed → plated). A whole tenderloin at 7% trim loss followed by 20% cooking loss produces an effective yield of 0.93 × 0.80 = 74.4% AP-to-plate, not 73% (which would be the wrong math of just adding the two losses).
Why yield factor matters for menu pricing
If you cost a recipe using as-purchased weight ("8 oz chicken at $4.50/lb = $2.25 plate cost"), you are understating the real cost. The 8 oz on the plate likely required 9–10 oz of as-purchased product to get there after trim and cooking loss. True plate cost is closer to $2.75–$2.85 — a 22–27% understatement that compounds across the menu.
Operators who skip the yield factor in recipe costing routinely show "menu food cost" reports that look 2–4 points better than their actual P&L food cost percentage. The gap is yield loss the report didn't account for.
How to apply yield factor in recipe costing
- Identify the trim loss for each ingredient — by butchering or stripping a sample and weighing before/after.
- Calculate the yield percentage: EP weight ÷ AP weight × 100.
- Inflate the recipe cost by dividing the AP cost by the yield percentage. A $4.50/lb AP chicken with 75% yield is effectively $4.50 ÷ 0.75 = $6.00/lb on the plate.
- Re-cost quarterly as vendor cuts and product specifications change.
Common mistakes
- Using textbook yield charts as gospel. Your butcher's trim is not the same as the textbook's. Sample your own product at least once per protein.
- Ignoring evaporation in sauces. A reduction sauce that starts at 1 quart and ends at 12 oz lost 60% of its volume — every $X cost in the recipe is now ~2.7× per ounce of finished sauce.
- Not updating yield when the spec changes. Switching from a different cut, brand, or grade can move yield by 5–15 points.
Related concepts
- Food cost percentage — what yield factor errors distort
- How do I price menu items for profit? — applying yield factor in plate-cost math
- How do I automate food cost management? — recipe-costing loop